Fabrication of carbon black nanoparticles from green algae and sugarcane bagasse.

There are several industrial uses for carbon black (CB), an extremely fine powdered form of elemental carbon that is made up of coalesced particle aggregates and almost spherical colloidal particles. Most carbon black is produced from petroleum-derived feedstock, so there is a need to find an alternative method to produce CB, which relies on renewable resources such as algae and agricultural waste. A process involving hydrolysis, carbonization, and pyrolysis of green algae and sugarcane bagasse was developed, as the optimal hydrolysis conditions (16N sulfuric acid, 70 °C, 1 h, 1:30 g/ml GA or SC to sulfuric acid ratio), a hydrolysis ratio of 62% for SC and 85% for GA were achieved. The acidic solution was carbonized using a water bath, and the solid carbon was then further pyrolyzed at 900 °C. The obtained carbon black has a high carbon content of about 90% which is confirmed by EDX, XRD, and XPS analysis. By comparison carbon black from sugar cane bagasse (CBB) and carbon black from green algae Ulva lactuca (CBG) with commercial carbon black (CCB) it showed the same morphology which was confirmed by SEM analysis. The BET data, showed the high specific surface area of prepared CB, which was 605 (m2/g) for CBB and 424 (m2/g) for CBG compared with commercial carbon black (CBB) was 50 (m2/g), also the mean pore diameter of CBB, CBG and CCB indicated that CBB and CBG were rich in micropores, but CCB was rich in mesoporous according to IUPAC classification. This study might have created a technique that can be used to make carbon black from different kinds of biomass.

FGF2 gene's antisense protein, NUDT6, plays a depressogenic role by promoting inflammation and suppressing neurogenesis without altering FGF2 signalling.

Fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF2) is involved in the regulation of affective behaviour and shows antidepressant effects through the Akt and extracellular signal regulated kinase (ERK) 1/2 pathways. Nudix hydrolase 6 (NUDT6) protein is encoded from FGF2 gene's antisense strand and its role in the regulation of affective behaviour is unknown. Here, we overexpressed NUDT6 in the hippocampus and investigated its behavioural effects and the underlying molecular mechanisms affecting the behaviour. We showed that increasing hippocampal NUDT6 results in depression-like behaviour in rats without changing FGF2 levels or activating its downstream effectors, Akt and ERK1/2. Instead, NUDT6 acted by inducing inflammatory signalling, specifically by increasing S100 calcium binding protein A9 (S100A9) levels, activating nuclear factor-kappa B-p65 (NF-κB-p65), and elevating microglia numbers along with a reduction in neurogenesis. Our results suggest that NUDT6 could play a role in major depression by inducing a proinflammatory state. This is the first report of an antisense protein acting through a different mechanism of action than regulation of its sense protein. The opposite effects of NUDT6 and FGF2 on depression-like behaviour may serve as a mechanism to fine-tune affective behaviour. Our findings open up new venues for studying the differential regulation and functional interactions of sense and antisense proteins in neural function and behaviour, as well as in neuropsychiatric disorders. KEY POINTS: Hippocampal overexpression of nudix hydrolase 6 (NUDT6), the antisense protein of fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF2), increases depression-like behaviour in rats. Hippocampal NUDT6 overexpression triggers a neuroinflammatory cascade by increasing S100 calcium binding proteinA9 (S100A9) expression and nuclear NF-κB-p65 translocation in neurons, in addition to microglial recruitment and activation. Hippocampal NUDT6 overexpression suppresses neurogenesis. NUDT6 exerts its actions without altering the levels or downstream signalling pathways of FGF2.

Vertebral Hemangiomas: Yucesoy-Yilmaz Classification System with Corresponding Therapeutic Options.

OBJECTIVE: Vertebral hemangiomas (VHs) are relatively common, symptomatic benign tumors of the spine with a reported estimated incidence up to 11%. They usually appear in the body of the vertebrae; however, they can extend into pedicles, laminae, and epidural space. They may cause pain, neurologic deficits. and fractures. METHODS: In this retrospective, single-center study, we reviewed our cases with VH and we propose the novel classification system that evaluates these lesions per their views on magnetic resonance imaging and clinical findings under 4 main categories. RESULTS: Our novel classification system proposes that grade I lesions occupy less than 50% of the vertebral body, whereas grade II lesions occupy more than 50% and grade III lesions occupy the whole corpus. Grade IV lesions show an epidural and pedicular extension. We propose that grade I lesions may not be worthwhile for follow-up, whereas asymptomatic grade II (a) lesions to be worthy for a biannual imaging and symptomatic thoracolumbar grade II (b) and thoracolumbar grade III lesions to be considered for percutaneous vertebroplasty. We imply that decompression, posterior spinal instrumentation, and open vertebroplasty may be performed for thoracolumbar grade IV lesions. We further consider cervical grade IIb, III, and grade IV lesions as operable because of the disadvantages of percutaneous vertebroplasty. CONCLUSIONS: We suggest that our novel classification system may be useful for the determination of diagnostic and therapeutic procedures in the management of VH. Further multicentric trials on larger series are warranted to validate this system and popularize its utility in larger populations.

Fabrication of date palm kernel biochar-sulfur (DPKB-S) for super adsorption of methylene blue dye from water.

A novel form of biochar was created by dehydration of Date palm kernel with 85% sulfuric acid. It was examined how the newly produced biochar (DPKB-S) affected the aqueous solution's capacity to extract Methylene Blue (MB) dye. The prepared DPKB-S was categorized by BET, BJH, FT-IR, SEM, EDX, DSC, and TGA analyses. The ideal pH for the MB dye adsorption by DPKB-S is 8. With 0.75 g L-1 of DPKB-S and an initial concentration of 50 ppm MB dye, Date Palm Kernel Biochar-Sulfur (DPKB-S) had the highest removal percentage of 100%. The Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models were used to investigate the collected data. Freundlich model is the model that best covers MB dye adsorption in DPKB-S at low concentrations (0.75-1.25 g L-1) and the Langmuir model at high concentrations (1.5-1.75 g L-1). The Langmuir model maximum adsorption capacity (Qm) of the DPKB-S was 1512.30 mg g-1. Furthermore, a variety of error function models were applied to investigate the isotherm models derived data, including Marquardt's percent standard deviation (MPSD), the sum of absolute errors (EABS), the sum of the errors squared (ERRSQ), root mean square errors (RMS), Chi-square error (X2), the average relative error (ARE), average percent errors (APE), and hybrid error function (HYBRID). Kinetic data were calculated by intraparticle diffusion (IPD), pseudo-second-order (PSO), pseudo-first-order (PFO), and film diffusion (FD) models. A PSO rate model with a strong correlation (R2 = 1.00) largely regulated the adsorption rate. The removal mechanism of MB dye by DPKB-S is based on the principle that these positively charged dyes are attracted by electrostatic attraction forces due to the growth in the number of negatively charged regions at basic pH value. According to the results, DPKB-S shows promise as an affordable and competent adsorbent for the adsorption of MB dye. It can be used frequently without experiencing a discernible decrease in adsorption efficiency.

Evaluation of the relationship between computed tomography angiography collateral scores and clinical outcome.

BACKGROUND: The relationship between collateral circulation and prognosis after endovascular treatment in anterior circulation strokes has been reported in many studies. OBJECTIVE: In this study, we aimed to compare the predictive power of clinical outcome by comparing five different collateral scores that are frequently used. METHODS: Among the patients who underwent endovascular treatment in our clinic between November 2019 and December 2021, patients with premorbid mRS < 3, intracranial ICA and/or MCA M1 occlusion, and a pre-procedural multiphase CTA examination were included in the study. Demographic, technical, and duration information about the procedure, major events after the procedure, and clinical outcomes at 3 months were recorded. The mCTA, Tan, Maas, Miteff, and rLMC collateral scores of the patients were evaluated. RESULTS: Clinical outcome at 3 months were good in 37 of the 68 patients included in the study (mRS ≤ 2). Only the mCTA and rLMC collateral scores were statistically significantly higher in those with a good clinical outcome. Significant correlation with 3-month mRS was detected only in mCTA and rLMC scores. Although rLMC and mCTA collateral scores showed a statistically significant association with prognosis, they were not sufficient to be an independent predictor of prognosis. CONCLUSION: mCTA and rLMC were found to have the highest predictive power of clinical outcome and the highest correlation with the 3-month clinical outcome. Our study suggests that it would be beneficial to develop a new scoring system over multiphase CTA, which combines regional and temporal evaluation, which are the strengths of both collateral scoring.

ANTECEDENTES: A relação entre circulação colateral e prognóstico após tratamento endovascular em acidentes vasculares cerebrais de circulação anterior tem sido relatada em muitos estudos. OBJETIVO: Neste estudo, nosso objetivo foi comparar o poder preditivo do desfecho clínico comparando cinco escores colaterais diferentes que são frequentemente utilizados. MéTODOS: Entre os pacientes submetidos a tratamento endovascular em nossa clínica entre novembro de 2019 e dezembro de 2021, foram incluídos no estudo pacientes com mRS pré-mórbido < 3, oclusão intracraniana de ICA e/ou MCA M1 e exame de CTA multifásico pré-procedimento. Foram registradas informações demográficas, técnicas e de duração sobre o procedimento, eventos importantes após o procedimento e resultados clínicos em três meses. Foram avaliados os escores colaterais mCTA, Tan, Maas, Miteff e rLMC dos pacientes. RESULTADOS: Os resultados clínicos aos três meses foram bons em 37 dos 68 pacientes incluídos no estudo (mRS ≤ 2). Apenas os escores colaterais mCTA e rLMC foram estatisticamente significativamente maiores naqueles com boa evolução clínica. Correlação significativa com mRS de três meses foi detectada apenas nos escores mCTA e rLMC. Embora os escores colaterais de rLMC e mCTA tenham mostrado uma associação estatisticamente significativa com o prognóstico, eles não foram suficientes para serem um preditor independente de prognóstico. CONCLUSãO: Verificou-se que mCTA e rLMC têm o maior poder preditivo do resultado clínico e a maior correlação com o resultado clínico de três meses. Nosso estudo sugere que seria benéfico desenvolver um novo sistema de pontuação em vez de CTA multifásico, que combinasse avaliação regional e temporal, que são os pontos fortes de ambas as pontuações colaterais.

Synthesis and characterization of iron oxide-commercial activated carbon nanocomposite for removal of hexavalent chromium (Cr6+) ions and Mordant Violet 40 (MV40) dye.

Iron Oxide-commercial activated carbon nanocomposite (CAC-IO) was prepared from commercial activated carbon (CAC) by the co-precipitation method, and the resulting nanocomposite was used as an adsorbent to remove hexavalent chromium (Cr6+) ions and Mordant Violet 40 (MV40) dye from wastewater. The produced materials (CAC, CAC after oxidation, and CAC-IO) were comparatively characterized using FTIR, BET, SEM, EDX TEM, VSM, and XRD techniques. The adsorption mechanism of Cr6+ ions and MV40 dye on CAC-IO was examined using Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models.. Different models were applied to know the adsorption mechanism and it was obtained that Pseudo-second order fits the experimental data better. This means that the adsorption of the adsorbate on the nanocomposite was chemisorption. The maximum removal percent of Cr6+ ions by CAC-IO nanocomposite was 98.6% determined as 2 g L-1 adsorbent concentration, 100 mg L-1 initial pollutant concentration, solution pH = 1.6, the contact time was 3 h and the temperature was room temperature. The maximum removal percentage of Mordant Violet 40 dye (C.I. 14,745) from its solutions by CAC-IO nanocomposite was 99.92% in 100 mg L-1 of initial dye concentrations, 1.0 g L-1 of adsorbent concentration, solution pH = 2.07, the contact time was 3 h. The MV40 dye adsorption on CAC-IO was the most fitted to the Freundlich isotherm model. The maximum adsorption capacity was calculated according to the Langmuir model as 833.3 mg g-1 at 2 g L-1 of adsorbent concentration and 400 mg L-1 of initial MV40 dye concentration. The Cr6+ ions adsorption on CAC-IO was more fitted to the Freundlich model with Qmax, equal to 312.50 mg g-1 at 1 g L-1 adsorbent concentration and 400 mg L-1 of Cr6+ ions initial concentrations.

Removal of Cr6+ ions and mordant violet 40 dye from liquid media using Pterocladia capillacea red algae derived activated carbon-iron oxides.

In recent years, water pollution has become one of the most dangerous problems facing the world. Pollution of water with heavy metals and different dyes has caused many harmful effects on human health, living organisms and our environment. In this study, iron oxide nanomagnetic composite from Pterocladia Capillacea red algae-derived activated carbon (PCAC-IO) was synthesized by co-precipitation method using different iron salts and different base solutions. The synthesized nanocomposite was investigated with various characterization techniques such as FTIR, BET, SEM-EDX, TEM, XRD, and VSM. The obtained PCAC-IO adsorbent was used for Cr6+ ions and Mordant Violet 40 (MV40) dye removal. The adsorption mechanism of Cr6+ ions and MV40 dye on PCAC-IO was examined using several adsorption and kinetic isotherm models. Langmuir and Freundlich models were investigated using experimental data. Pseudo-first-order (PFO), Pseudo-second-order (PSO) and intraparticle diffusion models (IPDM) were applied to identify the adsorption mechanism. It has shown that the PSO kinetic model fits better with the experimental data obtained from PCAC-IO. This result can be interpreted as the adsorption of the adsorbate on the nanocomposite as chemical adsorption. The optimum conditions for maximum Cr6+ ions removal (96.88%) with PCAC-IO adsorbent occur at room temperature, 5 g L-1 adsorbent concentration, 100 mg L-1 initial pollutant concentration, pH 1 and at the end of 180 min, while maximum MV40 dye removal (99.76%), other conditions being the same, unlikely it occurred at pH 2.06 and after 45 min. The most suitable model for Cr6+ ions removal under the conditions of 1 L-1 g adsorbent concentration and 400 mg L-1 adsorbate concentration was Langmuir (Qmax = 151.52 mg g-1), while for MV40 removal it was Freundlich (Qmax = 303.03 mg g-1). We propose the use of activated carbon-supported iron oxide prepared from bio-waste material, especially from Pterocladia Capillacea red algae, as a promising adsorbent with high efficiency in the removal of Cr6+ ions and MV40 dye from aqueous media.

Identification of local camel populations in Turkiye using morphological, genetic, and breeding info.

The aim of this study was to investigate the demographic, morphological, and genetic characteristics of local camel populations reared in the Turkiye provinces of Aydin, Denizli, and Antalya, which have a long history of camel breeding. Although Turkiye has an old history of camel breeding in its historical process, the number of scientific studies aimed at identifying camel populations in Turkiye is almost negligible. In this study, local camel populations in Aydin, Denizli, and Antalya cities of Turkiye were examined in three dimensions as demographic, morphological, and genetic. A face-to-face survey of 117 breeders was used to determine demographic definitions. While the region where local camels were detected the most was determined as Antalya Region with 78.6%, it was determined that 82.6% of the breeders participating in the survey preferred to breed camels due to their docile temperament. Body measurements were made on 45 camels for morphological identification. Moreover, DNA were sampled with oral swabs from 57 camels for phylogenetic analyses using 16 SSR microsatellite loci to identify the genetic structure of local camel populations. The genetic analyses using SSR markers revealed that the camel populations in the Antalya region had a considerably more isolated genetic structure than the Aydin and Denizli populations, and consequently, these populations may be regarded the native camel population.

Comparison of sinus tarsi approach versus extensile lateral approach in the management of displaced intra-articular calcaneal fractures: A single-center study.

BACKGROUND: Controversy still exists for optimal treatment for displaced intra-articular calcaneal fractures (DIACFs). Conven-tionally, the extensile lateral approach (ELA) has been the most preferred approach. Although ELA provides excellent fracture access and direct evaluation of the depressed posterior facet, this approach has a high rate of serious complications, such as hematoma, superficial/deep infection, and wound healing issues. To overcome such complications, more minimally invasive techniques including external fixation, percutaneous fixation, arthroscopic assisted fixation, and sinus tarsi approach (STA) have been recently described. The primary aim of this study was to compare STA and LEA in the treatment of DIACFs. METHODS: Patients who were operated for DIACFs in our clinic were included in the study. Patients with closed DIACFs of Sanders Type II, III, IV, and over 18 years of age were identified. Physical examinations and radiological evaluations of the patients were per-formed, and clinical scores were filled. Patients were divided into subgroups according to the Sander's classification and comparisons were made again according to these subgroups. RESULTS: There were 37 patients (four female and 33 male) in STA group and 44 patients in LEA group (six female and 38 male). The mean age was 44.42±13.57 years (range, 18-61) for STA group and 37.32±11.09 years (range, 18-56) for the LEA group. In clinical outcomes, except for short-form survey (SF-12)/MCS-12 (Mental Score) and visual analog scale score, all the parameters were signifi-cantly better in STA group compared to LEA group. No significant difference was observed between the two groups in radiographic results, except for the Böhler angle. Significantly less infection occurred in the STA group compared to LEA group (P=0.021). According to Sander's classification, American Orthopedic Foot and Ankle Society, foot and ankle disability index, and SF-12/PCS-12 and foot function index scores, no significant differences were determined between STA and LEA groups for Sanders Type 2, whereas the values were considerably higher in STA group than in LEA group for Sanders Type 3 and 4. CONCLUSION: In DIACFs, STA is considered a safe and effective method for restoring the width, height, and length of the calca-neus and reconstruction of joint alignment and has now become our standard technique for all calcaneal fractures requiring operative treatment.

The effect of biceps tenotomy on superior humeral migration in arthroscopic repaired full-thickness supraspinatus tears.

Background: Lesions of the long head of the biceps (LHB) tendon are a prevalent injury that frequently coexists with rotator cuff injuries. This study aimed to assess the effect of supraspinatus (SST) repair with concurrent LHB tenotomy on superior migration of the humeral head. The acromiohumeral distance (AHD) was determined via ultrasound to evaluate the superior migration of the humeral head. Methods: The study population was retrospectively recruited from patients who underwent unilateral arthroscopic repair of isolated degenerative full-thickness SST tears between January 2017 and December 2019. Patients were divided into 2 subgroups based on whether they underwent LHB tenotomies during arthroscopy. While 37 patients underwent arthroscopic single-row SST repair, the other 33 patients underwent arthroscopic single-row SST repair with LHB tenotomy. The subject group consisted of people who had undergone arthroscopic shoulder surgery. Contralateral shoulders without rotator cuff injuries were included in the control group. The AHD and SST thicknesses of patients were examined via the ultrasound in both groups and subgroups. Results: The mean age in the SST repair group was 55.52 ± 4.58 years (range, 46-63 years), whereas it was 58.24 ± 3.98 (range, 52-73 years) in the SST repair + LHB tenotomy group. In the SST repair group, 57.6% of patients were female and 42.4% were male, whereas 56.8% and 43.2% were in the SST repair + LHB tenotomy group, respectively. The mean body mass index was 28.06 ± 1.31 kg/m2 (range, 25.7-31.2 kg/m2) in the SST repair group and 28.95 ± 1.79 kg/m2 in the SST repair + LHB tenotomy group. Groups were not different for sex, surgery side, dominant side, tear size, and follow-up time; however, the SST repair + LHB tenotomy group had significantly higher mean age and body mass index than the SST repaired group. The mean AHD value and SST thickness were significantly less in both the rotator cuff repair group and the rotator cuff repair + LHB tenotomy group compared to the healthy shoulder. The mean AHD value was significantly lower in the SST repaired + LHB tenotomy group than in the SST repair group (P = .02). Conclusion: The AHD was narrowed in patients who underwent LHB tenotomy and radiologically demonstrated the depressor effect of the LHB tendon on the humeral head. As a secondary outcome, we demonstrated that regardless of tenotomy, AHD could not be restored in patients who underwent arthroscopic single-row SST repair.

Isotherm and kinetic investigations of sawdust-based biochar modified by ammonia to remove methylene blue from water.

Chemical industry effluent may pose significant environmental risks to both human health and the economy if it is not properly managed. As a result, scientists and decision-makers are paying increasing attention to developing a sustainable, low-cost wastewater treatment technique. This work aims to investigate the adsorption of Methylene Blue (MB) dye present in water using biochar derived from sawdust modified by boiling in an ammonia solution (SDBA). The properties of SDBA were characterized by BET, SEM, XRD, BJH, FT-IR, DTA, EDX and TGA analyses. The presence of -OH and -NH groups in SDBA was confirmed by FTIR, which proved that the NH4OH treatment of biochar successfully added nitrogen groups on its surface. The influence of pH (2 to 12), MB dye initial concentration (20 to 120 mg/L), adsorbent dosage (0.5 to 4.0 g/L) and contact time (0 to 180 min) on the adsorption process has been investigated. The adsorption of MB dye is more favorable at basic pH, with optimum adsorption at pH 8. Using a starting concentration of 20 mg/L of MB dye and a 4.0 g/L SDBA dose, the maximum percent clearance of MB dye was 99.94%. Experimental results were fitted to the Freundlich (FIM), Tempkin (TIM) and Langmuir (LIM) isotherm models (IMs). The FIM fitted the equilibrium data well, with a 643.74 mg/g Qm. Various error function models were used to test the data obtained from IMs. According to Error Function results, experimental data showed that it fits better for LIM and FIM. Kinetic studies indicated that the MB dye adsorption procedure followed pseudo-second-order (PSOM) kinetics based on film diffusion (FDM), pseudo-first-order (PFOM) and intra-particle diffusion models (IPDM). MB dye sorption on the SDBA involved electrostatic interaction, surface participation, hydrogen bond and π-π interactions. The adsorption mechanism of MB dye by SDBA was proposed as physical adsorption via the electrostatic attraction process. SDBA is an effective adsorbent in removing MB dye from water. Six adsorption-desorption cycles of the MB dye were run through the regeneration of SDBA with only a minimal amount of adsorption capacity loss, demonstrating the reusability of manufactured SDBA.

Evaluation of Polymer Gel Electrolytes for Use in MnO2 Symmetric Flexible Electrochemical Supercapacitors.

Flexible electrochemical supercapacitors (FESCs) are emerging as innovative energy storage systems, characterized by their stable performance, long cycle life, and portability/foldability. Crucial components of FESCs, such as electrodes and efficient electrolytes, have become the focus of extensive research. Herein, we examine deep eutectic solvent (DES)-based polymer gel systems for their cost-effective accessibility, simple synthesis, excellent biocompatibility, and exceptional thermal and electrochemical stability. We used a mixture a DES, LiClO4-2-Oxazolidinone as the electroactive species, and a polymer, either polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) or polyacrylamide (PAAM) as a redox additive/plasticizer. This combination facilitates a unique ion-transport process, enhancing the overall electrochemical performance of the polymer gel electrolyte. We manufactured and used LiClO4-2-Oxazolidinone (LO), polyvinyl alcohol-LiClO4-2-Oxazolidinone (PVA-LO), and polyacrylamide-LiClO4-2-Oxazolidinone (PAAM-LO) electrolytes to synthesize an MnO2 symmetric FESC. To evaluate their performance, we analyzed the MnO2 symmetric FESC using various electrolytes with cyclic voltammetry (CV), galvanostatic charge-discharge (GCD), and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The FESC featuring the PVA-LO electrolyte demonstrated superior electrochemical and mechanical performances. This solid-state MnO2 symmetric FESC exhibited a specific capacitance of 121.6 F/g within a potential window of 2.4 V. Due to the excellent ionic conductivity and the wide electrochemical operating voltage range of the PVA-LO electrolyte, a high energy density of 97.3 Wh/kg at 1200 W/kg, and a long-lasting energy storage system (89.7% capacitance retention after 5000 cycles of GCD at 2 A/g) are feasibly achieved. For practical applications, we employed the MnO2 symmetric FESCs with the PVA-LO electrolyte to power a digital watch and a light-emitting diode, further demonstrating their real-world utility.

Improved methylene blue adsorption from an aqueous medium by ozone-triethylenetetramine modification of sawdust-based biochar.

In this study, sawdust biochar-O3-TETA (SDBT), a novel biochar, was prepared via treatment with 80% sulfuric acid, followed by oxidation by ozone and subsequent treatment with boiling Triethylenetetramine (TETA). Characterization studies of the prepared SDBT adsorbent were performed with SEM-EDX, BET, XRD, BJH, FT-IR, DTA and TGA analyses. The adsorption efficiency of MB dye by SDBT biochar from water was investigated. Methylene Blue (MB) dye absorption was most effective when the solution pH was 12. The maximum removal % of MB dye was 99.75% using 20 mg/L as starting MB dye concentration and 2.0 g/L SDBT dose. The Qm of the SDBT was 568.16 mg/g. Actual results were fitted to Temkin (TIM), Freundlich (FIM), and Langmuir (LIM) isotherm models. The experimental results for SDBT fitted well with all three models. Error function equations were used to test the results obtained from these isotherm models, which showed that the experimental results fit better with TIM and FIM. Kinetic data were investigated, and the pseudo-second-order (PSOM) had R2 > 0.99 and was mainly responsible for guiding the absorption rate. The removal mechanism of the MB dye ions in a base medium (pH 12) may be achieved via physical interaction due to electrostatic interaction between the SDBT surface and the positive charge of the MB dye. The results show that SDBT effectively removes the MB dye from the aqueous environment and can be used continually without losing its absorption efficiency.

Gamma-induced interconnected networks in microporous activated carbons from palm petiole under NaNO3 oxidizing environment towards high-performance electric double layer capacitors (EDLCs).

Activated carbons (ACs) were developed from palm petiole via a new eco-friendly method composed of highly diluted H2SO4 hydrothermal carbonization and low-concentration KOH-activating pyrolysis followed by gamma-induced surface modification under NaNO3 oxidizing environment. The prepared graphitic carbons were subsequently used as an active material for supercapacitor electrodes. The physiochemical properties of the ACs were characterized using field emission scanning electron microscope-energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, N2 adsorption/desorption isotherms with Brunauer-Emmett-Teller surface area analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopy. The electrochemical performance of the fabricated electrodes was investigated by cyclic voltammetry, galvanostatic charge-discharge and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Even treated with extremely low H2SO4 concentration and small KOH:hydrochar ratio, the maximum SBET of 1365 m2 g-1 for an AC was obtained after gamma irradiation. This was attributed to radiation-induced interconnected network formation generating micropores within the material structure. The supercapacitor electrodes exhibited electric double-layer capacitance giving the highest specific capacitance of 309 F g-1 as well as excellent cycle stability within 10,000 cycles. The promising results strongly ensure high possibility of the eco-friendly method application in supercapacitor material production.

Thermodynamic, kinetic, and isotherm studies of Direct Blue 86 dye absorption by cellulose hydrogel.

In this study, cellulose hydrogels were simply fabricated by the chemical dissolution method using LiCl/dimethylacetamide as a new method, and the hydrogel produced was investigated for removing Direct Blue 86 (DB86) dye from the aquatic environment. The produced cellulose hydrogel (CAH) was characterized by FTIR, XRD, SEM, and TGA analyses. The removal efficiency of DB86 dye using CAH was achieved via a batch equilibrium process. The impact of pH, time of contact, CAH dosage, starting concentration of DB86 dye, and absorption temperature were scanned. The optimum pH for absorption of DB86 dye was determined to be 2. The absorption results obtained were scanned by Langmuir (LIM), Temkin (TIM), Freundlich (FIM), and Dubinin-Radushkevich (DRIM) isotherm models (IMs) and chi-square error (X2) function used to identify the best-fit IMs. The CAH had 53.76 mg/g as a maximum absorption capacity (Qm) calculated from the LIM plot. The TIM was the best fitted to the CAH absorption results. Kinetic absorption results were investigated by pseudo-first-order (PFOM), Elovich (EM), pseudo-second-order (PSOM), film diffusion (FDM), and intraparticle diffusion (IPDM) models. A PSOM with a high R2 (> 0.99) accounted for the majority of the control over the absorption rate. The findings indicate that CAH can potentially remove the DB86 dye from wastewater.

Isotherm and kinetic studies of acid yellow 11 dye adsorption from wastewater using Pisum Sativum peels microporous activated carbon.

In this study, Pea Peels-Activated Carbon (PPAC), a novel biochar, was created from leftover pea peels (Pisum sativum) by wet impregnation with ZnCl2 and subsequent heating to 600, 700, and 800 °C in a CO2 atmosphere. Investigated how the newly acquired biochar affected the capacity to extract the AY11 dye from the aqueous solution. Through the use of FTIR, XRD, SEM, BJH, BET, DSC, EDX, and TGA studies, the prepared PPAC was identified. It was found that a pH of 2 is optimum for the AY11 dye elimination. The highest removal percentage of AY11 dye was 99.10% using a beginning AY11 dye concentration of 100 mg/L and a 1.0 g/L dose of PPAC. The highest adsorption capacity (Qm) of the PPAC was 515.46 mg/g. Freundlich (FIM), Halsey (HIM), Langmuir (LIM), Tempkin (TIM), and Gineralize (GIM) isotherm models were useful in examining the adsorption results. A variety of error functions, including the average percent errors (APE), root mean square errors (RMS), Marquardt's percent standard deviation (MPSD), hybrid error function (HYBRID), Chi-square error (X2) and a sum of absolute errors (EABS) equations, were also applied to test the isotherm models data. The PPAC experimental data were best suited by the HIM and FIM isotherm models. Elovich (EM), Pseudo-first-order (PFOM), Intraparticle diffusion (IPDM), Pseudo-second-order (PSOM), and Film diffusion (FDM) models were applied to study the kinetic adsorption results. The PSOM had a strong correlation coefficient (R2 > 0.99), and it was principally responsible for controlling the adsorption rate. Anions are typically absorbed during the adsorption mechanism of AY11 dye by PPAC owing to attractive electrostatic forces created with an increase in positively charged areas at acidic pH levels. The regenerated PPAC was used in six successive adsorption/desorption cycles. This study's outcomes show that PPAC successfully removes the AY11 dye from the aqueous solution; as a result, PPAC can be used repeatedly without experiencing considerable loss in effectiveness.

Nucleolin promotes angiogenesis and endothelial metabolism along the oncofetal axis in the human brain vasculature.

Glioblastomas are among the deadliest human cancers and are highly vascularized. Angiogenesis is dynamic during brain development, almost quiescent in the adult brain but reactivated in vascular-dependent CNS pathologies, including brain tumors. The oncofetal axis describes the reactivation of fetal programs in tumors, but its relevance in endothelial and perivascular cells of the human brain vasculature in glial brain tumors is unexplored. Nucleolin is a regulator of cell proliferation and angiogenesis, but its roles in the brain vasculature remain unknown. Here, we studied the expression of Nucleolin in the neurovascular unit in human fetal brains, adult brains, and human gliomas in vivo as well as its effects on sprouting angiogenesis and endothelial metabolism in vitro. Nucleolin is highly expressed in endothelial and perivascular cells during brain development, downregulated in the adult brain, and upregulated in glioma. Moreover, Nucleolin expression correlated with glioma malignancy in vivo. In culture, siRNA-mediated Nucleolin knockdown reduced human brain endothelial cell (HCMEC) and HUVEC sprouting angiogenesis, proliferation, filopodia extension, and glucose metabolism. Furthermore, inhibition of Nucleolin with the aptamer AS1411 decreased brain endothelial cell proliferation in vitro. Mechanistically, Nucleolin knockdown in HCMECs and HUVECs uncovered regulation of angiogenesis involving VEGFR2 and of endothelial glycolysis. These findings identify Nucleolin as a neurodevelopmental factor reactivated in glioma that promotes sprouting angiogenesis and endothelial metabolism, characterizing Nucleolin as an oncofetal protein. Our findings have potential implications in the therapeutic targeting of glioma.

Determination of the safest level and screw length for the proximal locking screw in retrograde femoral nailing.

OBJECTIVES: This study aims to identify the most reliable level for the proximal locking screw in retrograde femoral nails and to investigate the preoperative detectability of the length of the proximal locking screw by radiological measurements. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Between April 2020 and June 2021, a total of 50 patients (42 males, 8 females; mean age: 38.1±14.3 years; range, 18 to 60 years) who were suspected of vascular injury after gunshot or stab wounds and underwent lower extremity computed tomography angiography (CTA) from the local institution's database were included in the study. The distances of the femoral neurovascular structures (FNVS) and sciatic nerve (SN) to the femur were measured in the sections determined in the anteroposterior and medial-lateral planes. The anteroposterior length of the femur was measured in selected sections to estimate the appropriate length of the proximal locking screw. RESULTS: The level at which FNVS and SN were closest to the femur in the medial-lateral plane was inferior to lesser trochanter (LT) 1 cm. The mean AP femur length at the level of the LT was 36.3±2.8 mm, at the level of inferior to LT 1 cm was 34.1±2.8 mm, at the level of superior to LT 1 cm was 38.6±3.7 mm. CONCLUSION: In retrograde femoral nailing, the safest level in terms of screw placement is 1 cm above the LT. Additionally, the optimal screw length is 40 mm at the level of the LT and 1 cm superior it, whereas it is 35 mm at the level of the LT and 1 cm inferior to it.

A novel surgical technique for treatment of symptomatic Tarlov cysts.

BACKGROUND: The aim of this retrospective study was to describe a novel, simple surgical technique for the treatment of symptomatic Tarlov cysts. METHODS: A total of 40 patients with symptomatic Tarlov cysts, admitted to our tertiary center between 1998 and 2019 constituted the study group. All patients underwent microsurgical puckering of the cyst, the technique we described to prevent a recurrence. Patients' symptoms, radiological findings, intraoperative findings, and clinical results were evaluated. RESULTS: Of the 40 patients (5 males, 35 females) whose charts were reviewed, the mean age was 28.4 (range, 17-61) years. The mean follow-up was 8 (range, 3 months to 21 years) years. Preoperatively, the most common symptoms were leg pain and numbness of the lower extremity. Postoperatively, no major complications were observed. Clinical progression was halted in all patients; 33 (82%) patients recovered completely and seven (17%) patients reported partial recovery. Cystic cavity persisted radiologically in five (12%) patients, decreased in size in 30 (75%) patients, and regressed completely in the remaining five (12%) patients. None of the patients had permanent neurological deficits. CONCLUSION: Puckering of the cyst membrane is a safe and easy-to-perform surgical technique for symptomatic Tarlov cysts. This technique can be used almost in all cases instead of the commonly used microsurgical cyst excision or cyst fenestration.